Increasing amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus in terrestrial ecosystems lead to decreasing biodiversity, not only among plant species, but in herbivores and pollinators as well.
Globally, ecosystems change as the climate does, responding to shifts in temperature and the availability of water and nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. These shifts affect plant community productivity and diversity. However, in general we know very little about how these changes happen.
Plants and Biodiversity Need the Right Mix of Nutrients
Increasing amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus in our terrestrial ecosystems leads to decreasing biodiversity not only among plant species, but among herbivores and pollinators as well.
Erika Hersch-Green, evolutionary biologist and assistant professor of biological sciences at Michigan Technological University, has received a National Science Foundation CAREER award to investigate how increased nitrogen and phosphorus availability across different temperature and water regimes alters the primary productivity of some plants, while reducing the growth of others. Hersch-Green will examine how the amounts of nutrients available to plants determine which plants thrive or wither due to their specific genome attributes.
About the Researcher
Erika Hersch-Green
eherschg@mtu.edu
906-487-3351
Current Research Interests
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology
- Ecological and Community Genetics
- Genome Size and Polyploidy Evolution
- Invasive Species Biology and Integrated Socio-Environmental Systems
“For evolutionary biologists, one of the main goals is to match the genotype of organisms to what they look like — their phenotype,” Hersch-Green said. “Historically, evolutionary biologists have focused on how natural selection for protein function or genetic drift has shaped evolutionary landscapes, as well as the mapping of genotype to phenotype. My research is taking a slightly different perspective, looking at how molecular attributes of organisms interact to reduce the material cost of building genomes. I am examining whether natural selection operates to reduce the cost to a plant species of building genomes, rather than how natural selection acts on proteins, which is a novel approach.”
Hersch-Green is conducting her research across several grassland sites distributed across North America, focusing on two common North American grassland plants: fireweed and goldenrod.
Prairie Plants and Polyploidy
Hersch-Green’s research examines how nutrients affect plants that vary in their genome size. Genomes are made up of nucleic acids and cells, which cost plants a significant amount of nitrogen and phosphorus to build. And, some of these plants are polyploids with varying numbers of chromosomes — which, in turn, affects genome size.
“The cost of building genomes and a nutrient environment influence physiological tradeoffs of primary processes like photosynthesis and growth versus secondary tradeoffs like defense compounds,” Hersch-Green said. “My research takes a multifaceted approach. I’m combining molecular cytological [chromosomal] and physiological phylogenetic [appearance] approaches.”
Hersch-Green will examine mechanistic tradeoffs in 10 Nutrient Network consortium sites distributed across the American West Coast and Midwest, including a new site at Michigan Tech’s Ford Center and Research Forest featuring gardens planted in particular arrangements to test particular mechanisms. The sites vary in climate zones, temperature and available moisture.
Using fireweed and goldenrod, Hersch-Green will look specifically at tradeoffs in size between the plants’ genome — their total genetic code — and their transcriptome — the parts of the genome transcribed into RNA molecules. RNA codes, decodes, regulates and expresses genes. Hersch-Green will use different nutrient environments with different cytotypes of each plant to measure certain functional traits. By combining data from multiple plants, the creatures that pollinate plants or eat the plants (known as “consumer community assemblages”), and time series phylogenetic modeling and experiments — Hersch-Green hopes to gain insights into the roles of material costs and genome size in biodiversity patterns.
Her work provides a system-level understanding of how eutrophication — the increasingly dense growth of particular plants at the expense of other species brought on by increasing nutrient inputs — are affecting individual organisms and multi-species communities by looking at their interactions. Ultimately, this research will generate genomic tools for other species as well.
Stem-based STEM Education
Every CAREER award features an education component. Hersch-Green’s approach features multiple methods to enhance scientific literacy for middle schoolers, high schoolers and undergraduates. At Hersch-Green’s Ford Center site, she is working with a STEM educator to formulate different science communication and botany modules based on photosynthesis research conducted by Hersch-Green and graduate students in her lab. She is also collaborating with Erin Smith, director of the Humanities Digital Media Zone and faculty advisor to Cin/Optic Communication and Media Enterprise students, to create a series of educational modules.
The goal of any CAREER award is to effect change beyond the field of study through novel research and education. Hersch-Green’s research, through two prairie plants, examines how community diversity, from plant to pollinator to herbivore, is changing — and in broad terms, how that affects biodiversity.
Michigan Technological University is a public research university founded in 1885 in Houghton, Michigan, and is home to more than 7,000 students from 55 countries around the world. Consistently ranked among the best universities in the country for return on investment, Michigan’s flagship technological university offers more than 120 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in science and technology, engineering, computing, forestry, business and economics, health professions, humanities, mathematics, social sciences, and the arts. The rural campus is situated just miles from Lake Superior in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, offering year-round opportunities for outdoor adventure.
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